motivation-ADISA SMAN 6 MADIUN

ome of the principles of motivation that can be used as a reference in teaching and learning activities
, among others:What is meant by the principle of competition is a healthy competition, both inter and inter-personal. Inter-personal competition or self competition is a competition within each individual of the action or performance in the dimension of space and time. Competition between individuals is competition between individuals to one another. With a healthy competition, can be generated motivation to act better. One form of paper, for example race, an honor student, and so on. Competition may also be made between schools to encourage students to make efforts to learn the good performance.2. Principle boostersThe urge to perform various actions will occur when there is a certain boosters. These boosters may include information, advice, mandate, warning, pilot, and so on. In this case the motive order to encourage always perform a variety of actions and the best possible performance. This can be done through personal consultation, advice or mandate in ceremonies, religious lectures, guidance, coaching, and so on.3. The principle of reward and punishmentThe reward received by a person can increase the motivation to perform actions that lead to rewards it. Any good performance if given adequate reward, will tend to increase motivation. For example the provision of gifts to students who excel. Similarly, a penalty imposed can no longer give rise to the motivation to perform actions that promote the sentence. It is to be applied proportionately and really can provide motivation.4. Clarity and proximity of the destinationThe more clearly and the closer a purpose, it will further encourage a person to take action. In connection with this principle, each student should clearly understand the learning goals. This can be done by providing an explanation of the purpose of the action is expected. Another way is to make goals that are still common and far into specific objectives and closer.5. Understanding the resultsIn the above description, it has been stated that the results achieved will be the opposite of someone who has done efforts, and it all can provide the motivation to take further action. The feeling of success that exist in a person would be pushing it to always maintain and improve their performance further. Knowledge of feedback, have close links with the level of satisfaction achieved. In this regard, teachers should always provide feedback to each performance that has been produced by each student. For example returns the tasks that have been made students with good grades and comments. This feedback will be useful to measure the degree of learning outcomes that have been produced for the purposes of further refinement and improvement. Students should always be nurtured to have a sense of success and avoid the development of a sense of failure.6. Development of interestInterest can be defined as a sense of happy or not happy in the face of an object. The basic principle is that the motivation of a person tends to rise if the person concerned has a great interest in performing actions. In this connection, the motivation to do with the cause or develop student interest in learning activities. Thus, students will gain satisfaction and good performance. In turn can motivate learn effectively and productively.7. conducive environmentWork environment, both the physical environment, social, and psychological, can grow and develop motive to work well and productively. It can be created for the best possible physical environment, such as room cleanliness, layout, facilities, and so on, as well as the psycho-social environment such as interpersonal, group life, leadership, promotion, guidance, opportunity to move forward, familial and so on ,8. ModelingThe behavior of teachers (teacher) directly or indirectly have an influence on the behavior of students in both positive and negative nature. Teacher behavior can increase the motivation to learn. In connection with that, it is expected that the behavior can be a source of exemplary teachers for their students. With examples that can be followed, students can further improve the productivity of their learning.B. Definition of MotivationMotivation is the energy change in a person who is characterized by the emergence of feelings and reactions to achieve the goal. Motivation starts from a change in the personal energy. Changes in motivation arising from certain changes in the system neuropisiologis in the human organism, misalanya due to changes in the planning system then raised motif hungry. But there are also unknown energy changes.Motivation is characterized by feelings of affective arousal. At first a psychological tension, and an emotional atmosphere. This raises the emotional atmosphere of patterned behavior. These changes may be or may not, we can only see it in action. An engaged in a discussion, because he was interested in the issues to be discussed, the voice will be raised and the words smoothly and quickly going out. Motivation is characterized by reactions to achieve the goal. Personal conduct motivated responses directed toward a goal. Responses that serves to reduce tensions caused by the change in her energy. Each response is a step towards achieving the goal.l. Types of MotivationBased on the understanding and analysis of the motivations that have been discussed above, in principle motivation can be divided into two types: (a) the intrinsic motivation and (b) extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is motivation that is included in the learning situation and meet the needs and goals of the students. Motivation is often also called pure motivation. The real motivation that arise within the students themselves, for example, the desire to gain certain skills, gain information and understanding, develop an attitude to succeed, enjoys life, aware of its contribution to the group effort, the desire is accepted by others, and others.So, this motivation arise without influence from outside. Intrinsic motivation is motivation that lives in students and is useful in studying the functional situation. In this case the praise or reward or the like is not needed because it will not cause students to work or study to get praise or reward it. As said by Emerson, The reward of a thing well done is to have done it. So it is clear, that intrinsic motivation is the real motivation is real and called the term sound motivation.Extrinsic motivation is motivation caused by factors outside the classroom situation, such as credit points, diploma, degree prize, medal contention, and negative competition is sarcasm, ridicule, and punishment. Extrinsic motivation is still needed in the school, because the school is not teaching at all attract students or in accordance with the needs of students. Besides often students do not understand for what he learned things that are given by the school. Therefore the motivation for the lesson needs to be raised by teachers so that students are willing and eager to learn. Businesses that can be done by the teacher is a lot, and therefore in motivating our students will not determine a specific formula that can be used at any time by the teacher.2. Principles of MotivationThese principles are prepared on the basis of thorough research in order to motivate students to learn in school that contains the views in order to create a democratic and self motivation and self dicipline among students. Kenneth H. Hover, argued prinsi¬ motivation principles as follows:a. Praise more effectively darBahasa Indonesiada punishment. Punishment is to stop the deed, while compliments are appreciated what he had done. Because it compliments greater value to students' learning motivation.b. All students have psychological needs (which is basic) that should get satisfaction. Needs it expresses itself in many different forms. Students who can meet their needs effectively through learning activities just needed a little help in the motivation and discipline.c. Motivation comes from within the individual more effectively darBahasa Indonesiada Indonesiaksakan dBahasa motivation from outside. The reason was because of the satisfaction derived by the individual in accordance with the size that is within the students themselves.d. To answer (works) matching (liking) necessary monitoring effort (reinforcement). If something works then learning goals against a crime that needs to be repeated after a few minutes later, so the results remain steady. Consolidation is necessary at all levels of the learning experience.e. Motivation was easy to spread or spread to others. Teachers who are interested and enthusiastic high will produce students who are also interested and enthusiastic too high. Similarly enthusiastic students will motivate other pupils.f. A clear understanding of the objectives will stimulate motivation. If someone has realized the goals to be achieved, the actions in that direction would be greater encouragement power.g. The duties imposed by oneself will lead to greater interest to do darBahasa Indonesiada when the tasks were dBahasa Indonesiaksakan by teachers. If the student is given an opportunity to discover themselves and solve their own problems will develop better motivation and discipline.h. Praise that comes from outside (external rewards) are sometimes necessary and effective enough to stimulate interest in the truth. Thanks to the encouragement of others, for example, to obtain a high rate, the students will try harder because interest becomes greater.i. Great motivational closely related to student creativity. With specific teaching techniques of motivation pupils may be directed to creative activities. Motivation that has been owned by the pupil when given a sort of barrier as their sudden examination, peraturan¬-school rules, and other creative activities will then arise so that he escapes from the barrier earlier.Therefore, the principles of actuating the motivation to learn is closely connected with the principles of learning itself. There are several principles of learning and motivation delivered by Hamalik (2002), in order to get the attention of the planners of teaching, especially in planning learning activities.The principle can be used by educators in the effort to improve the motivation of learners in following the teaching and learning activities, so we get an optimal learning achievement. Among them: (1) Significance. Lessons will be meaningful for students if teachers try to relate it to past experiences, or pengalaman¬-experience they have had before. Something that interests and the highest grade for students means meaningful to him. Therefore, teachers should try to adapt the lessons to the interests of the students, by providing opportunities for students to participate choose, (b) Modelling. Students would like to obtain a new behavior when watched and imitated. Lessons will be more easily understood and applied by the students if the teacher teaches in the form of a model of behavior, not just by preaching / communicating verbally. With the model behavior, students can observe and mimic what the teacher wants, (c) Communication Open. Students prefer to learn when the presentation is structured so that the messages open to scrutiny student teacher, (d) Prerequisites. What has been learned by previous students may be an important factor that can determine the success of the students in learning. Therefore teachers should strive to know / recognize prasyarat¬prasyarat they already have. Students who are in a group that berprasyarat will easily observe the relationship between the simple knowledge that has been owned by the complex knowledge to be learned, (e) Novelty. Students will be happy to learn when his attention drawn by the new representations (novelty), or a stranger, (f) Training / Practice Active and Helpful. Actively practice means students are working on their own, instead of listening to lectures and notes on a legal pad, (g) Exercise Divided. Students enjoy learning, if the exercise is divided into a number of shorter periods of time. Such exercises will increase student motivation in learning compared to exercise done at once in the long term, (h) Subtract under systematic Prior Learning. Students need to be given the force or pumping. However, for students who have started to master the lesson, then pumping it systematically reduced and eventually students can learn on their own, and (i) Conditions of fun. Students will be more than happy to continue learning enjoyable if teaching conditions.3. How to Enable Student MotivationTeachers can use a variety of ways to move or raise students' motivation to learn, is as follows. (A) provide figures. Generally, every student wants to know the results of his work, which is a number assigned by the teacher. Students who got good numbers, will encourage learning motivation to be great, otherwise the students who got less numbers, may lead to frustration or can also be a driving force in order to learn better, (b) Praise. Giving praise to the students on the things that have been done with great success benefits as a spur to learn. Praise creates a feeling satisfied and happy, c) Prize. This method can also be done by teachers within certain limits, such as gift-giving at the end of the year to students who obtain or show good learning outcomes, providing prizes for the winners of the contest or sporting events, (d) Working Group. In the group work in which cooperation in the study, each member of the group turutnya, sometimes feeling to maintain the good name of the group into a powerful driving force in the act of learning, (e) Competition. Good teamwork and competition provide social motives to the student. Only individual competition will lead to bad influences, such as: broken relationships of friendship, fights, conflicts, competition between learning, (f) Objectives and level of aspiration. Of the families will encourage student activities, (g) Sarcasm. Within certain limits sarcasm can encourage learning activities for the sake of his reputation, but on the other hand may lead to the contrary, because students felt insulted, so as to enable the emergence of conflicts between students and teachers. (H) Assessment. Continuous assessment will encourage students to learn, because every child has a tendency to get good results. In addition, the students always gain the challenges and problems that must be faced and solved, thus pushing learn more thoroughly and carefully, (i) Leisure and excursion. This method can raise the motivation to learn because in these activities will have a direct and meaningful experience for him. Apart from that, since the object to be visited is the object which interest him. Free atmosphere, free from attachment classrooms beneficial to eliminate the tensions that exist, so that learning can be made more fun, (j) Film Education. Each student had the pleasure of watching movies. Picture and the contents of the film's story more attention and interest of the students in learning. The students got a new experience that is a meaningful story unit, and (k) Learning through radio. Listen to the radio more produce darBahasa Indonesiada listen to lectures of teachers. Radio is an important tool to motivate student learning. However, the radio may not be able to replace the position of teachers in teaching. There are still many ways that can be used by teachers to generate and maintain student motivation to learn. But more important is the motivation arising from within the students themselves as the drive needs, sense of purpose, as well as its own private teacher is an example that can stimulate their motivation.C. Teaching Based ActivitiesIn learning activities in schools, teachers must see to it that students can perform effective observations in order to obtain the learning outcomes as well as possible. In teaching, should provide the opportunity for students to perform the best possible observations. Some things that teachers can do to help students do better in learning observations are as follows:l. Observations will be more effective to stimuli that have a clear structure and shape. Therefore, things will be learned and should have a clear organizational structure.2. Observations to something close would be more memorable. Therefore, students are given many opportunities to get closer to the things that will be learned.3. Observations influenced by previous experience. Therefore, when teachers teach, preferably starting with the experiences of students.4. Observation begins with the whole and then to the parts. Therefore, in providing the material to be taught, should be started with the whole, and then to the parts that more special.5. Observations affected by the development of the individual rankings. Therefore, teaching should be tailored to the individual development rankings, particularly cognitive development rankings.6. There are individual differences in the observations. Each individual has different styles of observation (no style visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic). Therefore teaching should be adapted to the style of observation masing¬masing students.Several factors can cause the occurrence of errors or defects of observation, such stimuli are less obvious, lack of attention to the students, the experience in the past, lack of good sense organ, environmentally disruptive, and so on.According Hamalik (2001) says that effective teaching is the teaching that provides learning opportunities themselves or their own activities. In today's methodology advances the principle activity is highlighted by a program of activity unit, so that the activities of student learning is the basis for achieving objectives and learning outcomes are more adequately.There are several types of activities delivered by experts, including: (1) visual activities, (2) the activities of oral (oral), (3) listen, (4) writing, (5) drawing, (6) metric , (7) mentally, and (8) emotional. As for the elaboration of various activities are as follows:1. Activities VisualReading, viewing pictures, watching experiments, demonstrations, exhibitions, and watching others work or play.2. Activities OralSuggests a fact or principle, linking an event, ask questions, make suggestions, express opinions, interviews, discussions, and interruptions.3. Activities ListeningListening to the presentation of the material, listen to a conversation or a discussion group, listening to a game, and listen to the radio4. The activities WritingWrite a story, write a report, check the bouquet, coffee ingredients, make summaries, take tests, and completed questionnaires.5. Activities DrawingDrawing, create graphs, charts, diagrams maps, and patterns.6. Activities MetricsConduct experiments, choose tools, carrying out exhibitions, model making, organizing games, dancing, and gardening.7. Mental activitiesContemplate, remember, solve problems, analyze, factors, see, relationships, and make a decision.8. The activities EmotionalInterests, differentiate, bold, calm, and others-¬lain. The activities of this group in all kinds of activities and overlap one another.Of some sort of activity shows that in the teaching activities, student activities are indispensable in meeting the objectives of teaching. So in a teaching activities, student activities should be adapted to the teaching material presented by the teacher or the issue being discussed.